HISTORY of ROME – Chronology
753 B.C. – Foundation of Rome
Regal period
753-715 B.C. – Romulus first King
715-673 B.C. – Numa Pompilius
673-642B.C. – Tullus Hostilius
642-617B.C – Ancus Marcius
616-579B.C. – Tarquinius Priscus
578-535B.C. – Servius Tullius
534-510B.C . Tarquinius Superbus
Expansion into Italy
509B.C. – Establishment of Republic
496B.C. – Battle of Lake regillus (victory over Latins)
451-450B.C. – Twelve Tables (law code)
396B.C. – Capture of Etruscan town Veii
390B.C. – Sack of Rome by Gauls
295B.C. – Battle of Sentinum: Romans defeat Samnites and others
Defeat of Carthage and expansion into east and west Mediterranean
280-275B.C. – War with Pyrrhus
264-241B.C. – First Punic War:Rome becomes a naval power and acquires Sicily
218-201B.C. – Second Punic (Hannibalic) War:definitive defeat of Carthage;Romans acquire Spain
214-205B.C. – First Macedonian War
200-196B.C. – Second Macedonian War: Philip V defeated at battle of Cynoscephalae
172-168/7B.C. Third Macedonian War: Perseus defeated at battle of Pidna
147/146B.C. – Annexation of Macedonia and Greece
149/146B.C. – Third Punic War: destruction of Carthage
133B.C. – Rome receives province of Asia
133B.C. – Destruction of Numantia (Spain)
Break-up of the Republic
133B.C. – Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus
123-122B.C. – Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus
112-105B.C. – War with Jugurtha (Africa)
114-101B.C. – Invasions of Cimbri and Teutones – Marius reforms the army
91-87B.C. – Social War (Italy)
88-63B.C. – Wars with Mithridates (Asia Minor)
82-79B.C. – Dictatorship of Sulla
73-71B.C. – Spartacus’ slave revolt
67-62B.C. – Pompey in East-Syria made province
63B.C. Cicero consul: conspiracy of Catilina
58-51B.C. – Julius Caesar’s conquest of Gaul
53B.C. Battle of Carrhae: Crassus defeated by Parthians
49B.C. Julius Ceasar crosses Rubicon river
48B.C. Battle of Pharsalus: defeat of Pompey
46B.C. Death of Cato at Utica (North Africa)
49-44B.C. – Julius Ceasar dictator
44B.C. – Murder of Caesar on Ides of March (15th)
43B.C. – Second Triumvirate formed by Antony, Octavian, Lepidus
42B.C. – Battle of Philippi: Brutus and Cassius defeated and killed
31B.C. – Battle of Actium. Octavian defeats Antony
The Empire
Julio-Claudians
27B.C. – Octavian becomes Augustus, first emperor
14A.D. – Death of Augustus
14-37A.D. – Tiberius Emperor
37-41A.D. – Gaius “Caligula”
41-54A.D. – Claudius
54-68A.D. – Nero
Flavians and Antonines
68-69A.D. – Galba
69A.D. – Year of the four emperors: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian
69-79A.D. – Vespasian
79-81A.D. – Titus
81-96A.D. – Domitian
96-8A.D. – Nerva
97-117A.D. Trajan
138-61A.D. Antoninus Pius
161-80A.D. Marcus Aurelius (with Lucius Verius 161-9)
177-92A.D – Commodus
Severan Dynasty
193A.D. – Pertinax
193A.D. – Didius Julianus
193-211A.D. Septimius Severus
211-17A.D. Caracalla
217-18A.D. Macrinus
218-22A.D. Elagabalus
222-35A.D. Alexander Severus
Invasions, usurpations, and chaos; Illyrian soldiers-emperors re-establish unity
235-8A.D. – Maximinus Thrax
238A.D. – Gordian I and II
238A.D. – Balbinus and Pupienus
238-44A.D. Gordian III
244-9A.D. – Philip the Arab
249-51A.D. Decius
251-3A.D. – Trebonianus Gallus
253A.D. – Aemilianus
253-60A.D. Valerian (with son Gallienus)
253-68A.D. Gallienus
268-70A.D. Claudius Gothicus
270-5A.D. – Aureliano
275-6A.D. – Tacitus
276-82A.D. Probus
282-3A.D. – Carus
283-4A.D. – Carinus and Numerian
Diocletian and First Tetrarchy (284-305)
WEST – EAST
Maximian Augustus (285-305) – Diocletian Augustus (284-305)
Constantius I Caesar (293-305) – Galerius Caesar(293-305)
Second Tetrarchy (305-6)
Constantius I Augustus (305-6) – Galerius Augustus (293-305)
Severus Caesar (305-6) – Maximin Daia Caesar (305-8/10)
Disintegration of Tetrarchy (306-13)
Severus Augustus (306-7) – Usurpation of Maxentius in Italy (306-12) –
Constantine I Caesar
Subsequently Augustus (308-37)
Usurpation of Domitius
Alexander In Africa (308-9/11)
Joint rule of Constantine I
and Licinius (313-24)
Constantine I (306-7) – Constantine I sole ruler (324-37) Licinius (308-24)
Constantine II (337-40) Constans (337-40) – Constantius II (337-61)
Constans (340-50)
Usurpation of Magnentius (350-3)
Julian Caesar (355-61) Constatius II sole ruler (353-61) – Gallus Caesar (351-4)
– Julian (361-3)
– Jovian (363-4)
Valentinian I (364-75) – Valens (364-78)
Gratian (375-83) and
Valentinian II (375-92) – Theodosius I (379-95)
Usurpation of Magnus Maximus (383-8)
Valentinian II, ruler of West (388-92)
Usurpation of Eugenius (392-4)
Theodosius sole ruler (394-5)
Honorius (395-423) – Arcadius (395-408)
(Stilicho regent 395-408) – Theodosius II (408-50)
Constantius III (421)
Usurper John (423-5)
Valentinian III (425-55) – Marcian (450-7)
Petronius Maximus (March-May 455)
Avitus (455-6)
Majorian (457-61) – Leo I (457-74)
Libius Severus (461-5)
Anthemius (467-72)
Olybrius (April-November 472)
Glycerius (473)
Julius Nepos (473-5) Zeno(the Isaurian) (474-91)
Romulus Augustulus (475-6)